Anatomy and Physiology II (APII) Exam 3 Practice Test

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• What is chyme?
• What is the name of the largest region of the stomach?
• Which organ stores or removes toxins from the blood?
• Which innate defense engulfs pathogens and cell debris?
• What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
• Which region is the rounded, upper portion of the stomach?
• Define immunity.
• Define tidal volume.
• Which digestive accessory organ is the largest visceral organ and is divided into right and left lobes?
• Intrapulmonary pressure is defined as which of the following?
• High lung compliance means what about the pressure required to achieve a given volume?
• Which description best defines mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue?
• In the liver, lobules are the basic functional units.
• In AB blood type, which antibodies are present in the plasma?
• What is the name and the function of the prominent longitudinal mucosal folds seen in an empty stomach.
• Define bronchitis.
• Which pancreatic protease cleaves after small, neutral residues?
• Respiratory exchange surfaces of the lungs receive deoxygenated blood from which blood vessels?
• What are vocal cords and what is their function?
• Which structure is NOT part of the lower respiratory system?
• Which scenario best describes naturally acquired active immunity?
• What is epistaxis?
• Why can the lingual lipase continue to function in the stomach when swallowed?
• Define respiratory rate.
• Which tissue serves as a mucosal immune component along the digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive tracts?
• Which cells are macrophages & microphages?
• What is a pulmonary embolism?
• Which statement best describes high vs low lung compliance?
• Which antibody is important in allergic responses?
• If you contract SARS-CoV-2 from your brother, which type of immunity do you develop?
• How many oxygen molecules bind to a single hemoglobin molecule to form oxyhemoglobin?
• The peritoneum is divided into two parts. Which part covers organs that project into the peritoneal cavity?
• In transplantation, which factor is most important for success?
• Where in the digestive system does adipose tissue deposit to give the characteristic "beer belly"?
• Which organ contains Paneth cells?
• What is the Bohr effect?
• Which molecule is transported by lacteals that cannot enter blood capillaries?
• The appendix is attached to which part of the large intestine?
• Dentin forms the bulk of the tooth.
• Which two reflexes speed up movement of substances along the small intestines?
• What is the common name for the pharynx? Which two body systems share this structure?
• What organic molecules comprise most antigens?
• Which antibody is the most prevalent in the body and can cross the placenta?
• Which structure is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
• What is oxyhemoglobin?
• What is the oropharynx? Where is it located?
• What is the glottis? What is the common name for glottis?
• Which structure surrounds and protects the glottis?
• What are nares? What is their function?
• What type of adaptive immunity results from receiving laboratory-produced antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein?
• Which enzyme is not involved in pancreatic peptide bond hydrolysis?
• Which cells are primarily associated with adaptive immunity?
• Which process occurs when the inspiratory muscles return to their resting position after inhalation?
• Which pneumocyte is primarily involved in gas exchange?
• What is the most common cause of increased arterial blood PCO2?
• The inflation reflex is part of the Hering-Breuer reflexes and prevents overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing. Which outcome best describes its function?
• In organ transplantation, which factor is most important for reducing graft rejection?
• The specificity of an antibody molecule depends on the amino acid sequence of which region?
• Which pancreatic protease cleaves peptide bonds after aromatic amino acids?
• In the liver, what toxic byproduct of amino acid metabolism is converted to a harmless molecule for removal?
• A sensitized B cell does not undergo activation unless it receives the 'OK' from which type of cell?
• Which reflex is associated with preventing overinflation of the lungs?
• What process is used when bile salts break apart lipid droplets?
• Which pancreatic protease cleaves peptide bonds after small, neutral amino acids?
• Elastic rebound occurs during which phase of breathing?
• Which statement describes the outcome of mechanical digestion in the mouth?
• What is necrosis?
• Why is nitroglycerin administered orally to treat angina pectoris?
• What are the three typical parameters tested for when performing an arterial blood gas analysis?
• Which two types of gastric cells produce gastric juice?
• What cells in gastric glands release the hormone somatostatin?
• What causes an autoimmune disorder?
• Where do NK cells develop and mature?
• Memory T cells are best described as?
• What is the trachea? What is its common name?
• What occurs when there is a second exposure to an allergen?
• Coughing reflex is triggered by contact with which parts of the airway?
• Name the two primary lymph tissues/organs.
• Which scenario best represents artificially acquired passive immunity?
• What is apnea?
• Which organ is the largest visceral organ?
• Which physiologic effect is primarily caused by histamine during an allergic reaction?
• What specific chemical is released by mast cells and basophils that increases the degree of local inflammation?
• List three brush border enzymes and state their overall function.
• The antigenic determinant sites on an antigen are called?
• What is pleural fluid and where is it located?
• Which valve is located between the ileum and the cecum?
• Dalton's law describes how a gas's percentage affects its contribution to total pressure.
• What kind of tissue is the lamina propria and what is its function?
• The nasal conchae turbulence helps bring olfactory stimuli to which receptors?
• Which outcome enhances clearance of pathogens besides lysis and inflammation?
• The nasopharynx is located posterior to which structure?
• What change occurs to the pressure inside the lungs during the period just after exhalation ends and before inhalation begins?
• The stomach has extra layers of smooth muscle. One function of this is to strengthen the stomach wall. What is another function?
• Which structures comprise the upper respiratory system?
• Which molecules are released by natural killer (NK) cells that form pores in target cell membranes to cause lysis?
• Which statement best describes alveolar gas exchange?
• Which organ is primarily responsible for regulating the composition of circulating blood?
• Vital capacity is defined as the maximum amount of air moved in a single respiratory cycle.
• Which region lies between the body and the duodenum?
• What type of tissue is present on alveolar exchange surfaces? What are the names of two cell types that comprise the exchange surfaces?
• What is the main role of bile salts? Note: Bile salts are lipids. This makes sense because like dissolves like.
• A severe immune reaction with circulating antigens causing widespread vasodilation and risk of circulatory collapse is called what?
• Two kinds of microphages are which?
• What is intrapleural pressure?
• What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
• What is a pathogen?
• Anoxia is best described as which condition?
• What is the difference in bond strength when comparing carbon monoxide (CO) bonded to heme and oxygen bonded to the heme?
• Which pancreatic enzyme hydrolyzes peptide bonds in the small intestine?
• Which statement about lymphatic capillaries is true?
• What fluid separates the visceral peritoneum from the parietal peritoneum, and what is its function?
• Where is MALT located in the body?
• Benadryl is used to treat allergic reactions. What kind of drug is it?
• Which two molecules are present in saliva and function to control populations of oral bacteria?
• What is peristalsis?
• The term windpipe refers to which structure?
• Which organ is responsible for converting ammonia to urea for excretion?
• Which cells have CD4 markers and which MHC class do they recognize?
• How is the classical complement pathway activated?
• Two examples of fixed macrophages are which?
• To what does the term plasma cell refer?
• What are the three phases of digestion?
• Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals does what to the thoracic cavity and the pressure inside it?
• Which of the following lists the four segments of the colon?
• Which enzyme is a pancreatic protease that cleaves after basic residues?
• All movement of water across the lining of the digestive tract involves which passive process?
• List two types of phagocytes associated with immune function.
• What is the direct result of pneumothorax?
• Which term describes a collapsed lung?
• What is the importance of MHC molecules in immune recognition?
• Which statement about lymph flow is correct?
• What is the name of the sphincter that prevents stomach contents from backflowing into the esophagus?
• Name four secondary lymphoid tissues/organs.
• Intrapulmonary pressure is defined as the pressure inside which anatomical region?
• Which muscles are the two primary respiratory muscles?
• Which structure deposits adipose tissue that contributes to a beer belly?
• Which cells express MHC Class II proteins?
• What is enamel?
• Which cell provides the necessary 'OK' signal for B cell activation after antigen binding?
• What is the difference between the spleen's red pulp and white pulp?
• Most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine?
• In blood typing, anti-A and anti-B antibodies belong to which class?
• What does the partial pressure of a gas mean?
• Ferritin stores which mineral in the liver?
• What is the nasopharynx? Where is it located?
• Which cells produce intrinsic factor, and what is its function?
• What triggers antigen presentation by MHC Class I proteins?
• What is the function of lymph nodes?
• Which three vitamins are produced by the gut microbiome?
• Which statement best describes osmosis in the digestive tract?
• Which layer of the digestive tract is essential for mechanical digestion and moving materials along the digestive tract?
• Laryngeal structures include which of the following that are elastic bands involved in sound production?
• Which statement about peristalsis and segmentation is true?
• Which innate defense is a localized tissue response to injury or infection?
• Spirometry primarily evaluates which aspect of lung function?
• The cardiac notch is a feature of which lung?
• Inflammation associated with complement activation is mediated by the release of which mediator?
• Which component of saliva helps regulate microbial populations and contributes to immune defense against oral pathogens?
• What can spirometer values help diagnose?
• Lymph nodes detect foreign antigens in the lymph.
• Which statement about carbon monoxide binding to heme is true?
• What is the lingual frenulum?
• Which of the following are phagocytic antigen-presenting cells?
• What proteins interact with one another in chain reactions known as cascades?
• During Type I hypersensitivities, the first encounter with an antigen sensitizes the immune system. What class of antibodies are produced and what cells do they bind to?
• What molecules are produced by the action of dipeptidases?
• Which cells present endogenous antigens to CD8 T cells via MHC class I?
• Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of which vitamin?
• The basic functional units of the liver are known as which structures?
• The spleen detects foreign antigens in circulating blood.
• Which set lists all three major lymphocyte classes that circulate in blood?
• Water movement across the digestive mucosa occurs via which passive mechanism?
• What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?
• How is the lectin complement pathway activated?
• Pleural fluid primarily serves what function during breathing?
• The primary role of lymphatic vessels is to?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four regions of the stomach?
• Which tonsils are usually inflamed when tonsillitis occurs?
• The respiratory centers responsible for involuntary breathing are located in which brainstem regions?
• What is opsonization?
• What is a bolus?
• Enamel is the hardest biologically manufactured substance.
• Where is bile stored?
• What is ascites?
• Which antibody class forms a pentamer and is produced early in a primary immune response?
• Which scenario best describes artificially acquired active immunity?
• A hapten is defined as what?
• Which vitamin is produced by the gut microbiome and is essential for blood clotting?
• Immune tolerance is defined as:
• Which innate defense is described as 'keep hazardous organisms and materials outside'?
• Which statement best explains why Type O blood is considered the universal donor?
• What is anaphylaxis?
• What region of the stomach is located between the body region and the duodenum?
• MALT stands for
• Which substance is secreted by chief cells in an inactive form?
• What term describes antibodies that target the body's own tissues?
• Breathing is mediated by the autonomic nervous system. What occurs during parasympathetic control? What occurs during sympathetic control?
• Which innate defense acts as chemical messengers against viral infections?
• The common name 'voice box' refers to which structure?
• Which layer covers the outer surface of the lungs?
• What is the function of brush border enzymes maltase, sucrase, and lactase?
• During swallowing, which structure primarily prevents liquids and solids from entering the respiratory tract?
• MHC Class II molecules present antigens to helper T cells from which source?
• Endogenous antigens are presented by which class of MHC molecules?
• Helper T cells primarily function to?
• What occurs during emigration?
• Peritonitis is defined as inflammation of which tissue?
• Apoptosis is defined as:
• What is Henry's law?
• Define laryngitis.
• What is a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) and what is its function?
• Which antibody has five antibody molecules connected to form a starburst shape?
• Two physical barriers include which structures?
• What is deglutition?
• Which vessel supplies oxygenated blood to the liver?
• What are micelles?
• Which hormone initiates hunger? Which one induces satiety?
• What molecule does the large intestine mainly reabsorb?
• Which statement describes surfactant?
• The mesenteries are best described as which of the following?
• Lymphatic capillaries have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves. Regarding pathogens, what is the importance of valves in immune function?
• Which organ stores bile salts?
• What cells in the gastric pits of the pyloric antrum produce the hormone gastrin?
• In which organ would you find both the hepatic portal system and the bile duct system?
• Which hormone induces satiety?
• What are pyrogens? How do they work?
• What is the compositional difference between lymph and plasma?
• During inspiration, which statement about intrapulmonary pressure and airflow is correct?
• Which portion of the pharynx ends at the oropharynx?
• Residual volume and vital capacity are defined as which of the following?
• Haustra in the colon serve to allow the colon to expand and elongate.
• Which pancreatic protease cleaves peptide bonds in the small intestine?
• What are brush border enzymes, and where are they found?
• Name the ion and the molecule in blood that transports carbon dioxide generated by cellular respiration.
• Which features of the small intestine lining are primarily responsible for increasing the surface area for absorption?
• Which cells display MHC Class I molecules on their surface?
• What is the function of salivary amylase?
• Which statement best describes the trigger for antigen presentation by class II MHC proteins?
• Which segment of the small intestine primarily receives chyme from the stomach and neutralizes its acids before they can damage absorptive surfaces?
• Antibodies transferred across the placenta to protect the fetus illustrate which type of adaptive immunity?
• Which region lies closest to the esophagus?
• Which enzyme is secreted from glands present at the posterior part of the tongue which starts digestion of lipids in the mouth?
• Which scenario best describes naturally acquired passive immunity?
• Two functions of mucus produced by duodenal submucosal glands when chyme arrives from the stomach?
• What are the four cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?
• What is the structure and function of the mesenteries?
• Where are the parietal pleura and visceral pleura located?
• What is the larynx?
• What substance produced by cells in gastric pits protects the stomach from the low pH of stomach acid?
• Interferons contribute to antiviral defense by which mechanism?
• In the liver, which cell type acts as an antigen-presenting cell?
• What genus of bacteria causes tuberculosis?
• What is the function of nose hairs?
• What must be recognized for antigen presentation to occur on a cell's surface?
• Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucosal secretions and often has a secretory component?
• What is the name of the respiratory region found in the medulla oblongata and pons that is responsible for involuntary control of respiration?
• Where do B cells develop and mature?
• External respiration refers to gas exchange between which structures?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
• What is the cardiac notch and where is it located?
• Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is most likely to occur in which group?
• Which innate defense involves destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells as part of immune surveillance?
• During times of chronic stress, which type of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex can inhibit the immune system?
• What is segmentation?
• What are allergens?
• What is the function of the epiglottis when swallowing?
• Adaptive immunity is specific. Which statement best reflects this?
• Which factor primarily drives osmotic water movement across the intestinal mucosa?
• What is the disadvantage of the right bronchus being larger in diameter and positioned at a steeper angle than the left bronchus?
• What tags pathogens for phagocytosis to facilitate their clearance?
• What medical treatment is used to combat severe anaphylaxis?
• What surrounds the left and right lungs?
• What is cholecystitis?
• What are the two main blood vessels that supply the liver with blood?
• Which part lines the inner surface of the body wall?
• Which innate defense assists antibodies?
• Peyer's patches are contained within which tissue layer of the small intestine?
• Describe elastic rebound.
• The Bohr effect explains increased release of oxygen from hemoglobin under what condition?
• Which centers located in the pons regulate the depth and rate of respiration?
• What are MHCs also known as?
• Define lymphedema.
• Examples of MALT include
• Are first line defenses innate or adaptive?
• Where do T cells develop and mature?
• What process is used for gas exchange in alveoli?
• Which statement is true about clones of activated lymphocytes?
• Which pancreatic protease cleaves after aromatic residues?
• What is the primary function of lacteals in a villus?
• Which antibody is found in body secretions such as tears and saliva and can exist as a secretory dimer?
• Stellate phagocytic liver cells are called what?
• Which four types of teeth are found in humans?
• Regulatory T cells primarily function to?
• What cells produce surfactant? What is the function of surfactant?
• What do circular folds and villi in the small intestines provide?
• CD4 markers are on which T cells and what MHC class do they recognize?
• What are thymosins and why are they important?
• Prolonged gastritis can lead to erosion of the stomach or duodenal lining. What is the resulting condition called?
• Cholecystitis is typically caused by what condition?
• What molecules bind to iron ions in the center of heme units of hemoglobin?
• What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
• Which part of the digestive system is shared with the respiratory system?
• What is mastication?
• Which pancreatic protease cleaves peptide bonds after basic amino acids?
• What is the function of the 15-20 tracheal cartilages?
• Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
• What is the primary function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune response?
• Which pleural layer lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall?
• What are interferons?
• Excessive bronchoconstriction can close airways. What are two serious conditions that can close airways?
• Which immune cell subset is responsible for the rapid secondary antibody response upon re-exposure to an antigen?
• Which antibody type is most prevalent in the body and can cross the placenta?
• Which major part of the large intestine is associated with the appendix?
• Which type of immunity is developed when you are exposed to an antigen in the environment (infection) rather than via vaccination?
• What is the function of the enzyme pepsin?
• During the respiratory burst of activated neutrophils, which two reactive chemicals are produced?
• Which cells comprise the alveolar gas exchange surface?
• Which cells release perforins to form pores in target membranes?
• What molecules are produced by T helper cells that function to coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses and stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunities?
• What is the function of regulatory T cells?
• What is the importance of the tracheal cartilages being C-shaped?
• Which brush border enzyme is lacking in an individual who is lactose intolerant?
• List four main types of T cells and state their functions?
• Intrinsic factor is produced by which type of gastric cell?
• Define antigen.
• A rise in interferon levels most directly suggests infection with which type of pathogen?
• Which statement about lymph nodes and spleen is true?
• The following statement is true or false: 'Adaptive immune defenses deny pathogens access to the body or destroy them without distinguishing among specific types.'
• Name three major parts of the large intestine.
• How many lobes are in the right lung and how many in the left lung?
• What are stimulated B cells called? What do they secrete?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes a primary immune response from a secondary immune response, and which is more extensive and prolonged?
• How are lymph nodes like early warning systems?
• Cross-matching tests in transfusion medicine primarily assess what?
• Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart via which vessels?
• Which statement describes CO2 transport in blood?
• Which region forms the main central portion of the stomach?
• Parietal cells indirectly produce stomach acid by pumping which ions into the lumen of the gastric gland?
• Which immunoglobulin class is most associated with immediate allergic reactions (Type I hypersensitivity) and binds to receptors on mast cells and basophils?
• Two bactericidal molecules found in sweat are which?
• Name one example of non-phagocytic antigen-presenting cells. Where are they found?
• What is dentin?
• Which antibody is first secreted when an antigen is encountered for the first time?
• Relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles leads to which of the following?
• Which structures comprise the lower respiratory system?
• Peyer's patches are located in which tissue layer of the small intestine?
• What is the main salivary gland that is infected by the mumps virus?
• Why does the secondary immune response produce IgG quicker than in the primary response?
• Peyer's patches are located in which tissue?
• Which region is located between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the larynx?
• What is a tracheostomy?
• Which organ produces bile?
• What is pneumonia? Why is pneumonia dangerous?
• Which organ contains red pulp and white pulp?
• Which immunoglobulin is typically produced during a primary immune response?
• Which organ is mainly involved in the removal and breakdown of circulating drugs?
• Which of the following is NOT a segment of the colon?
• Which statement best describes the lamina propria in the respiratory tract?
• Which cell type is a classic professional antigen-presenting cell?
• How is the alternative complement pathway activated?
• What is the laryngopharynx? Where is it located?
• The water and ions secreted by the pancreatic ducts serve what function?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between pressure and volume in breathing, as per Boyle's Law?
• Which type of adaptive immunity is induced by vaccination?
• Which enzyme is produced by alveolar endothelial cells and what is its role?
• Which statement correctly defines residual volume?
• Which immune cell primarily recognizes peptides presented by MHC Class I molecules?
• What does lung compliance measure?
• Why is innate immunity considered nonspecific?
• Which cells in the liver act as antigen presenting cells?
• Afferent lymphatic vessels vs efferent lymphatic vessels: direction?
• What three structures of the oral cavity aid in mechanical digestion?
• What causes pneumothorax?
• List the four regions of the stomach.
• The lingual lipase is secreted by glands located at which part of the tongue?
• What molecule is released by mast cells and basophils that results in a sudden, massive inflammation of the affected tissues in the area of exposure?
• Which statement correctly describes enamel in relation to dentin?
• What is the uvula?
• Gastrin-secreting cells are located in which region of the stomach?
• Which statement correctly explains why Type AB individuals can receive blood from any blood type?
• Where do T cells complete their maturation?
• Define pleurisy.
• In Type I hypersensitivity, which cells are primarily involved in releasing mediators such as histamine?
• Which organ performs phagocytosis of abnormal cells and stores iron recycled from red blood cells and initiates immune responses by B and T cells in response to antigens in circulating blood?
• Paneth cells are located in which organ, and what do they release?
• Which immunoglobulin is the main secretory antibody in mucosal areas and typically exists as a dimer with a secretory component?
• During the primary immune response, which antibody peaks first, and during the secondary response, which antibody is higher?
• Why are the pancreas’ inactive proenzymes not released in their active form?
• Which molecule is produced directly by dipeptidases?
• What is costimulation and what is its function?
• Complement activation via any of the three pathways produces three results. Which of the following is NOT a result?
• Kupffer cells are specialized cells located in which organ?
• Hypoxia is defined as which condition?
• Which category of hypersensitivity (Types 1-4) are immediate hypersensitivities, occurring rapidly and eliciting especially severe responses to an antigen?
• The esophageal mucosa and submucosa are packed into large folds that extend its length. What do the folds allow for?
• Pneumocystis jiroveci is what type of pathogen, and what infection does the pathogen cause?
• The hepatic portal vein carries blood from which regions to the liver?
• What mineral is stored in the liver as a complex called ferritin?
• Which cells located in the subcapsular space of a lymph node initiate the immune response?
• Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
• Which antimicrobial substances are released by Paneth cells in the small intestine?
• Which cells are specifically infected by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS?
• What is an abscess?
• What is the difference between hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when comparing adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin?
• Which statement best describes professional antigen-presenting cells?
• What happens if food or liquid touches the vestibular folds or glottis?
• Which of the following are secondary lymphoid tissues/organs?
• Which cells have CD8 markers and which MHC class do they recognize?
• Which statement best describes the effect of inspiratory muscle contraction on thoracic volume and intrapulmonary pressure?
• What are the two pairs of polypeptide chains of a Y-shaped antibody molecule called?
• Which salivary gland produces salivary amylase?
• Which muscle wraps around respiratory bronchioles and functions to change the diameter of the airway?
• Which term describes baby teeth?
• Define lymphocytopoiesis.
• Which statement describes the pleural cavity?
• What inactive proenzyme is produced by chief cells?
• What is peritonitis?
• What is cystic fibrosis? How does the disease present?
• Stimulation of which receptors in the wall of the rectum causes the defecation reflex?
• Which condition is swelling caused by obstruction of lymphatic vessels?
• Which of the following is NOT an example of MALT?
• Which lymphocytes are involved in innate immunity, and which in adaptive immunity?
• Which glands produce mucus in the duodenum in response to arriving chyme?
• What are three benefits of turbulent airflow caused by air moving through the nasal conchae?
• Which innate defense involves elevation of body temperature as a response to infection?
• What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
• What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction?
• Which scenario best describes naturally acquired active immunity?